This item will not be restocked when depleted and should be avoided for new designs.
This product entered limited availablity on 06/01/2011.
View RIKs with Limited Availability for a complete list.
Suggested Replacement: CASSINI
Expiration Reason: Next generation modular ATE improves on all RI7100A functionality.
Aditional replacements may be found by searching for RI7100A (change the REV letter) or RFIC ATE System.
The RI7100A ATE System was a configurable and extremely capable tester for a wide variety of IF, RF, and Microwave devices from 5 kHz up to 20 GHz. From simple Power Amplifiers and LNAs to complete Transceivers and Systems, testing is accomplished through a universal Test Head interface. Custom fixtures adapt the DUT, which can be on wafer, packaged or modules, to the RI universal device interface. RI7100A System Options can be factory installed at the time of purchase, or upgraded anytime at a customer’s site.
Customizing the RI7100A involves considering the following:
The number and type of power supplies needed.
The number and type of RF signals that need to be applied.
The power level of the RF signals to be applied.
The expected device RF output power.
The number and type of any digital control to be applied.
Download the RI7100A Performance Summary
Details Measurement Capability General Information System Characteristics (pictures) Support Components |
Measurement Capability
The RI 7100A IFIC/RFIC ATE is a fully automatic IFIC/RFIC test system designed to test devices as simple as two port LNAs to integrated RF receivers with multiple frequency conversions, IQ modulators, frequency dividers, phase detectors, RSSI circuits, multiple gain steps, T/R switches, multiple biases, multiple I/O ports, and more.
The RI 7100A IFIC/RFIC ATE performs multi-port S parameter measurements from <0.1 GHz to >8 GHz. Four fully error corrected S parameter measurements (S11, S12, S21 & S22) can be performed in less than 250 usec and individual uncorrected S parameter measurements can be performed in less than 100 usec. The 7100A performs error corrected, S parameter measurements using a Bi-state load pull approach, instead of reversing the DUT or reversing the RF stimulus signal direction. This unidirectional S parameter measurement approach is especially useful for characterizing unidirectional active devices such as power amplifiers at high RF signal levels.
S Parameter Accuracy and Calibration:
The accuracy of the RI7100A at the DUT Test Ports after calibration with the correction on, is as follows :
- The residual directivity of the system is approximately 34 dB;
- The tracking error is less than +0.1 dB and +1.0 degree.
NOTE : This performance may degrade as a function of the connector interfacing required by the DUT.
Roos Instruments has developed a two step calibration approach to provide S parameter calibration to the DUT ports. The calibration approach requires performing a series of two port S parameter calibrations at the RFIC/MMIC Test Head's RF Ports and then a series of 1 Port S parameter calibrations (open, short and load) at the DUT connections to correct for the test cables, connections, probes, etc.
The system has >75 dB instantaneous dynamic range which is adjustable (up and down) depending on the DUT's maximum output power. The minimum sensitivity of the System Receiver is approximately -115 dBm. The minimum sensitivity of the system at the DUT RF input ports (assuming standard length RF cabling between the test head and the system rack) is better than -100 dBm at 4 GHz and the maximum RF input level is +30 dBm into the active port. (+40 dBm with the High Power Measurement option) The maximum RF input level can be extended to 50 Watts using low VSWR attenuators in the RF Test Fixture.
The RI 7100A IFIC/RFIC ATE uses the widely accepted Y factor noise measurement approach to perform noise figure measurements. The system performs a complete noise figure measurement in 40 msec.
The RI 7100A IFIC/RFIC ATE performs RF power measurements with the S parameter detection hardware in the RI System Receiver. The S parameter detection hardware has the capability to measure pulsed power signals. The system performs a complete RF power measurement in less than 100 usec.
The RI7100A IFIC/RFIC ATE performs two-tone third order intercept measurements very quickly (less than 100 msec) using the System Receiver.
Compression measurements are made in less than 25 msec using the S parameter detection hardware. The user can select the compression level desired.
RF spurious level and frequency measurements of known signals to -75 dBc are made in less than 40 msec with the RI System Receiver.
Harmonic level measurements to -50 dBc are made in less than 40 msec with the RI System Receiver.
The RI7100A provides pulsed bias with minimum pulse widths of 35 usec and measure pulsed RF signals.
RI 7100A IFIC/RFIC ATE General Information
The RI 7100A offers a flexible and expandable measurement platform. As your requirements expand and change, the RI 7100A will expand in performance and feature set to meet the new requirements.
The user has full control over which calibration approach and error correction model that is used by the system. Calibrating the system requires using a user definable test plan similar to a DUT test plan. The error correction algorithms are easily available to the user (in high level software) for change and new error correction models can be added at any time. Computer assisted test system calibration (calibration test plans) are also provided for the other basic measurements including noise figure, RF power, DC current and voltage.
The graphical RI Test Plan Builder/Editor enables the user to quickly create custom test plans in a matter of minutes, using a minimal number of keystrokes and/or mouse functions. Complex mathematical calculations and measurements are made by a drag-and-drop interface, allowing test plan developers to focus on the test-plan instead of programming language semantics. Each custom test plan defines the DUT's measurement states, the measurements to be performed, the calculations to be applied to the measurement results, the test limits and the data name to be stored with the test data.
The RI ATE Controller is an IBM compatible PC using IBM's OS/2 Operating System. It can interoperate via standard networking equipment and protocols with other OS/2, UNIX, DOS and MS Windows based computer systems and mainframes providing system data and measurement results.
RI’s Test Plan Optimizer automatically reorders the tests in your test plan for maximum test speed (typically reducing test times by >30%.) The Test Plan Optimizer converts the test plan into low level measurements (such as wave parameters for S parameters). The Test Plan Optimizer then determines the time required to perform each measurement state change, identifies any duplicate measurement states, and then uses this information to restructure the test sequence for fastest execution. The resulting test sequence is compiled into executable code. All you have to do is press the RUN key to perform the testing.
With the Test Executive Editor you can create simple, easy-to-use operator interfaces/test executives for automatically testing your DUTs in production. The entire test environment presented to a production operator is defined by the user customized test executives including the test plans to be executed, the test limits to be used, the binning criteria to be applied, the retest criteria and RI Data Logger settings.
To perform automated testing in production the operator opens the customized IFIC/RFIC Test Executive you created, enters the lot#, sublot# and the starting part#, and selects the START button. The Test Executive executes the test plan(s) and compares the test data against the test limits, bins the part and sends the data to the RI Data Logger.
Roos Instruments' IFIC/RFIC Test Executive provides the user the capability to run multiple test plans and limit files simultaneously on the same part.
The test results can be displayed in real-time using a variety of histograms and plots on the System Controller's CRT screen and/or printed by an external printer.
The RI Data Logger receives the Test Data from the IFIC/RFIC Test Executive and converts the data into one or more user selectable data formats (STDF, DLIST, CSV, RI or Custom). The formatted data is then available to be networked to an optional RI Data Base Server System or to your in-house data base server system.
RI offers the RI Data Base Client Upgrade to help you network the RI 7100A Test System to your data base server or to a RI Data Base Server System. This upgrade includes the networking hardware/software for the Test System Computer and the technical support by RI Engineers to help you configure, connect and network the RI 7100A to the Data Base Server selected.
The system software is multitasking, allowing the user to open multiple viewers and perform multiple tasks simultaneously while time-sharing the test system hardware. In addition, the system software has the flexibility to allow the user to develop test plans without using the measurement hardware (simulation mode) and/or to develop test plans off-line on a separate computer.
The RI Auto-Interpolator performs automatic interpolation of S parameter error correction terms and provides the user the ability to vary the RI 7100A IFIC/RFIC ATE's start and stop frequencies (and the frequency test points in between) when making S parameter measurements without having to re-calibrate the system. The test system uses the standard calibration test plans to calibrate the system once over the entire system frequency range. The RI Auto-Interpolator's sophisticated error correction models and interpolation algorithms then automatically interpolate between calibration frequency points to determine the proper calibration factors to apply to the measured data at the test frequencies you select.
The RI Programmable DUT Controller provides the DC & pulsed bias, analog stimulus & measurement and the digital interface between the DUT and the System Computer. The RI DUT Controller is custom configured to each user's specific needs. Roos Instruments offers several plug-in application functions including:
- High Current Bias Supply Lines: 0 to 10 Vdc; 3.5 Amps max. per line, 35 us min pulse width.
- 6 Amp Current Bias Supply Lines: 0 to 10 Vdc; 6 Amps max per line, 35 us min pulse width.
- Medium Current Bias Supply Lines: < + 12 Vdc; 200 mA max. per line.
- Device Power Lines 1 - 8: 8 lines to 4 States (2 Medium Current Bias Supplies, an open or gnd.)
- Device Power Lines 9 thru 16: 8 lines to 3 States (2 Medium Current Bias Supplies or an open.)
- DUT Control Lines: Bi-State Levels, < + 10 Vdc.
- Add Current Measurement Capability to the DUT Control Lines: Adds VCCs 7 and 8.
- DC Voltage Measurement Lines: 12 bit Resolution.
- Low Noise Clock Output: Divides RF Input Signal by 64, Buffers & Outputs the Resulting Signal.
- Base Band Digitizer: Measures S/N, SINAD, Distortion, Rise/Fall, Timing, etc.
- Dual Output Arbitrary Waveform Synthesizer: 2 Analog & 2 Digital Outputs, DC to 10 MHz.
- Digital Frequency Counter : Measures BER and counts Digital Waveform Pulses to >1 Megabit rates.
The RI Arbitrary Waveform Synthesizer provides two analog outputs for creating precise I & Q tones, and provides two high speed digital outputs. The output frequency of the analog and digital outputs can be set from DC to 10 MHz (4000 settable points with a 50 nsec sample update rate and 20 MHz internal clock.)
The RFIC/MMIC Test Head connected to the System Receiver has 4 independent RF ports. Additional RF test ports can be provided by the RF Test Fixture/Family Card if needed. Test Fixtures with 12 RF test ports have been provided with other RI RI7100A's.
The maximum RF stimulus signal level from the RF test ports (without a Dual RF Amplifiers Module in the test system) is approximately +6 dBm. The Dual RF Amplifiers Module is a plug-in module which provides two amplified RF signal paths. With this option, the RF signals from two of the test system’s RF sources can be amplified before the signals reach the device under test. The RF signal gains or losses from the two RF Sources to the device under test (with or without the RF amplifiers switched into the signal path) are automatically compensated for by the system’s calibration and error correction process. The maximum RF signal level available to the DUT from an amplified signal path is +26 dBm from 0.5 to 4 GHz.
System Characteristics
Universal Test Head Interface | Fixture on Test Head |
Standard Systems Include:
System Computer with OS/2 Operating System
Uninterruptible Power Source (UPS) for Complete System
System Rack, Test Head Manipulator, System Matrix & Cables
RF/Microwave System Receiver
RFIC/MMIC Test Head
Includes RF 2, 3, 6 & 7 (<100 MHz to >4 GHz) and RF 4 & 5 (<1 MHz to >500 MHz).
Programmable DUT Controller & Standard Plug-in Application Modules
Includes VI1, Vcc 1, 2, 3 & 4, Device Power Lines (DP 1-16),
Digital Control Lines (DB 1-8) with Current Measurement Capability,
Differential Voltage Measurement Lines (VM 1 - 4, 1N - 4N).
Synthesized Microwave Source (System LO)
Synthesized Microwave Source (RF Stimulus Source, RF Source 1)
Base Operating Environment, Software Utilities & Math Package
Graphical Test Plan Builder/Editor
Test Plan Optimizer
IFIC/RFIC Test Executive
RF Measurement & Calibration Software (S Parameters, Noise Figure & Power)
Auto-Interpolation of Calibration Data
RF Pulse Profiling
Source 2 routed to RF8
USB Flash memory support
System Installation
On-site System Training (first system only)
The RI 7100A IFIC/RFIC ATE offers the smallest footprint available in the industry. It consists of a single System Rack with an extendable RFIC/MMIC Test Head, and a System Computer. The system rack is 1698mm (66.9 in) H, by 600mm (23.6 in) W by 900mm (35.4 in) D. The System Computer occupies approximately 1 cubic meter (2 ft x 2 ft x 2 ft) space.
The RI7100A IFIC/RFIC ATE Rack requires two 15 Amp line receptacles for AC power. The system computer requires two standard line receptacles for AC power. The test system does not require any special plumbing or gas connections.
The shipping weight of the complete system can only be estimated at this time (approximately 1200 lbs). The final shipping weight will be provided to you in advance of the shipment date of the system.
Roos Instruments warrants its hardware products and replacement parts/modules against defects in materials and workmanship for one year. If RI receives notice of such defects during the warranty period, RI will, at its option, repair or replace the hardware products or replacement parts/modules which prove to be defective.
Roos Instruments warrants its software products, when properly installed, will not fail to execute their programming instructions due to materials and workmanship for 90 days. If RI receives notice of such defects during the warranty period, RI will, at its option, repair or replace the defective software media. RI does not warrant that operation of software or hardware will be uninterrupted or error free.
All fixtures and RI Kits are covered by 30-day limited warrantees.
Roos Instruments offers on-site technical training for the RI 7100A IFIC/RFIC ATE. This training includes:
- Technical System Description
- Software Structure and Description
- Technical Description of each Measurement
- Getting Started Instructions
- Test Plan Concept/Theory
- Creating New Test Plans
- Building, Linking, Optimizing and Saving Test Plans
- Running Test Plans
- Displaying Test Results
- Using the IFIC/RFIC Production Test Executive
- System Calibration
- System Maintenance
Technical Support Packages |
"RI Standard Support" provides the recommended level of basic support for keeping test systems in compliance with world class quality standards. Other support options can be added to meet customer specific quality requirements.
PSR - RI Phone Support for Hardware Service and Repair (RIK0041A)
Phone and e-mail support for hardware repair and calibration issues.
SU - Software Updates (RIK0050A)
Software updates for new and/or improved measurement buttons, data viewers & worksheets, calibration, verification & diagnostic test plans, user interface functions, and editing tools. Software Updates are released electronically as needed and/or as requested by the user. Software Updates is priced according to the number of systems installed at one site. Site and Global licenses are available.
SILVER Technical Support
Includes STANDARD SUPPORT plus...
ME - Fast Ship Module Exchange (RIK0044A)
Roos Instruments will maintain replacement modules for the test system at Roos Instruments, Santa Clara, California. If a hardware failure occurs, Roos Instruments will ship, by the fastest method available, replacement modules to the test system.
The cost for the replacement module(s) to repair a hardware failure is included in Hardware Repair Replacement Parts (HRP) support option. If the test system does not have Hardware Repair Replacement Parts support, the replacement module(s) must be purchased before the module(s) can be shipped or the user must have an open Purchase Order with RI for Hardware Repair
GOLD Technical Support
Includes STANDARD SUPPORT plus...
ME - Fast Ship Module Exchange (RIK0044A)
Roos Instruments will maintain replacement modules for the test system at Roos Instruments, Santa Clara, California. If a hardware failure occurs, Roos Instruments will ship, by the fastest method available, replacement modules to the test system.
The cost for the replacement module(s) to repair a hardware failure is included in Hardware Repair Replacement Parts (HRP) support option. If the test system does not have Hardware Repair Replacement Parts support, the replacement module(s) must be purchased before the module(s) can be shipped or the user must have an open Purchase Order with RI for Hardware Repair.
PTS - Production Technical Support (RIK0062A)
Phone in and e-mail support for production issues including but not limited to technical support for using the tester and the system software in a production test environment, assistance in directing how to clean and maintain sockets and fixtures, data collection, handler and wafer prober interfaces.
FRP - Factory Replacement Parts (RIK0045A)
Only covers the cost of the parts needed to complete a repair. Use in conjunction with Module Exchange or On Site Repair Maintenance. Does not include costs for replacing RI designed fixtures or RI Kits. For RI700A, per system. For Cassini, per module. Includes only 2 source Step Attenuators per system per year.
PLATINUM Technical Support
Includes STANDARD SUPPORT plus negotiated contract including any of the following...
ME - Fast Ship Module Exchange (RIK0044A)
Roos Instruments will maintain replacement modules for the test system at Roos Instruments, Santa Clara, California. If a hardware failure occurs, Roos Instruments will ship, by the fastest method available, replacement modules to the test system.
The cost for the replacement module(s) to repair a hardware failure is included in Hardware Repair Replacement Parts (HRP) support option. If the test system does not have Hardware Repair Replacement Parts support, the replacement module(s) must be purchased before the module(s) can be shipped or the user must have an open Purchase Order with RI for Hardware Repair.
PTS - Production Technical Support (RIK0062A)
Phone in and e-mail support for production issues including but not limited to technical support for using the tester and the system software in a production test environment, assistance in directing how to clean and maintain sockets and fixtures, data collection, handler and wafer prober interfaces.
FRP - Factory Replacement Parts (RIK0045A)
Only covers the cost of the parts needed to complete a repair. Use in conjunction with Module Exchange or On Site Repair Maintenance. Does not include costs for replacing RI designed fixtures or RI Kits. For RI700A, per system. For Cassini, per module. Includes only 2 source Step Attenuators per system per year.
PMPC - Preventive Maintenance and Precision Calibration (RIK0043A)
Provides two preventive maintenance and system level precision calibration services. Includes on site preventive maintenance. System level precision calibration offers the customer the opportunity to achieve the highest possible performance level for production and engineering systems. Pricing is based on the number of systems to be covered.
System calibration shall include performing system calibration and verification. RI will provide the calibration kit which includes a NIST traceable RF Power Meter & Power Sensor and a NIST traceable Digital Voltmeter for the test system calibration
Preventive maintenance includes performing test system diagnostics and evaluating the state of all of the wear items in the test system including connectors, cables and electromechanical switches. Items found to be out of tolerance will be repaired or replaced. The cost of replacement parts is not included in the cost of the service.
Additional Technical Support Options |
All Technical support options include access to RI's on-line knowledge base which can be is accessed from www.roos.com. Full user access provides 24 hour access to Roos Instruments’ Internet Site for documentation, software patch information, calibration routines, user tips, application descriptions, service notes, plus other valuable FAQ information to help maximize system performance. E-mail Support - [email protected] provides 24 hour access to RI technical support personnel via email, and for bug fixes and software updates.
PTS - Production Technical Support (RIK0062A)
Production related engineering support provided by Roos Instruments' engineers for test system maintenance and performance questions. Includes technical consulting on production topics including but not limited to capability/failure questions, handler integration, data integration, calibration techniques, and production yield issues.
Phone in and e-mail support for production issues including but not limited to technical support for using the tester and the system software in a production test environment, assistance in directing how to clean and maintain sockets and fixtures, data collection, handler and wafer prober interfaces.
SU - Software Updates (RIK0050A)
Software updates for new and/or improved measurement buttons, data viewers & worksheets, calibration, verification & diagnostic test plans, user interface functions, and editing tools. Software Updates are released electronically as needed and/or as requested by the user. Software Updates is priced according to the number of systems installed at one site. Site and Global licenses are available.
OSM - On Site Repair Maintenance (RIK0047A)
5 X 8 hrs Response. Includes Labor and Travel for Hardware Repairs. The cost for replacement parts is not included. Offered only where available.
There is related service offered as HRL - On Site Hardware Repair Labor (RIK0046A) which is billed as a per event charge of $2,500. Response time is not guaranteed. If a customer purchases the per event coverage and, for example, requires 3 visits ($7,500), this cost CAN NOT be applied toward the purchase of this On Site Repair Maintenance (OSM). However, we can sell this coverage by prorating the price to cover the remainder of the year contract. Repair/Replacement Parts are not included in either of these components (see FRP).
FRP - Factory Replacement Parts (RIK0045A)
Only covers the cost of the parts needed to complete a repair. Use in conjunction with Module Exchange or On Site Repair Maintenance. Does not include costs for replacing RI designed fixtures or RI Kits. For RI700A, per system. For Cassini, per module. Includes only 2 source Step Attenuators per system per year.
ETS - Engineering and Production
Includes Production Technical Support and phone in and email support for new engineering efforts including but not limited to information and questions about new applications and directions on how to use new measurements, new measurement techniques and new calculations. Engineering Technical Support includes enhancements to the system software and/or test executive to meet specific device requirements. This Support Option is available only with an active Application and/or Fixture design contract or as part of a negotiated Platinum support package.
Repair Services |
FMC - Factory Module Calibration - Quick Cal (RIK0106A)
The customer may return applicable CASSINI Test Instrument Module (TIM) to RI for calibration. Only RI8521B and RI8546A TIMs may be calibrated with FMC. Other modules may be calibrated on the customer site. CASSINI Infrastructure (RI8556A and RI8557A) modules do not need annual calibration. Price is per module, per event. FOB RI Santa Clara. Return shipping is included. Does not apply to RI7100A systems.
PMPC - Preventive Maintenance and Calibration (RIK0043A)
Provides a preventive maintenance and system level precision calibration service. Includes on site preventive maintenance. System level precision calibration offers the customer the opportunity to achieve the highest possible performance level for production and engineering systems. Pricing is per system per event.
HRL - Hardware Repair Labor per event (RIK0046A)
Without Phone Support (PSR) or On Site Repair Maintenance (OSM), the rate covering the cost of domestic travel to your site for repair is $2,500 per event. This does not cover any replacement parts.
The per event costs can not be applied toward the purchase of the On Site Repair Maintenance service option that includes a 24 hour response guarantee. For example, if you require 3 visits ($7,500), the OSR service can not be discounted. However, we can sell this coverage by prorating the price to cover the remainder of the contract term. Repair/Replacement Parts are not included in either of these components.
RI System Evaluation and Support Contract Renewal (RIK0048A)
If the system's support contract has expired, the RI system will require a thorough evaluation of its current operating condition by RI personnel before the support contract can be renewed.
The evaluation will include a written quotation outlining the test system upgrades required in order for the customer to renew the support contract for the test system. The upgrades proposed in the quotation will include the installation of all hardware and software modifications or enhancements as dictated by RI Service Notes. The proposed software upgrades will also include the installation of the most recent software release of the test system software, as well as the current calibration, diagnostic, and verification test plans. A complete system calibration (PMPC) will be performed during the upgrade, and all maintenance records will be updated.
RI7100A On-site Service Parts Kit (RIK0016A)
The RI On-site Service Parts Kit is a collection of subassemblies that RI has determined to be sufficient to accomplish immediate repair of the test system by either trained customer personnel or RI personnel. This item is recommended to customers located overseas.
CASSINI On-site Service Parts Kit (RIK0097A)
The RI On-site Service Parts Kit is a collection of subassemblies that RI has determined to be sufficient to accomplish immediate repair of the test system by either trained customer personnel or RI personnel. This item is recommended to customers located overseas.
Training Seminars |
Test System Training Class (RIK0040A)
The Test System Training Class is a necessary prerequisite for any Test System User. The seminar will enable the user to understand and correctly operate the Test System. RI Trained Users will have the skills and knowledge to quickly develop test plans, maintain and calibrate the Test System. Advanced training courses in Application Development and Diagnostics are also available. Visit roos.com, click on "Training" to see upcoming courses. This course is also known as the "Basic" training seminar.
Applications Training Class (RIK0037A)
The Applications Training Class is an intense five day course for users with prior experience on the test system. A course syllabus is available on line. Classes are offered at RI Santa Clara CA., RI Salem NH., and at customer sites. Instructor travel costs to site are not included in the list price.
Minimum of 5 students, Prerequisite: Test System Training class (Basic)
Diagnostic Training Class (RIK0038A)
The Diagnostic Training class is a five day course designed for experienced users who want to learn how to maintain and repair the test system. The class is usually limited in location to either RI Santa Clara, CA or to RI Salem, NH due to fact a real test system is used and is broken so students can debug the problem and complete the repair.
Minimum of 5 students, Prerequisite: Test System Training class (Basic)
Support for Used Systems - System Evaluation
A System Evaluation is required before RI can support a system that has been transferred to a new owner or if the service contract has lapsed for more than 6 months. (Available as RIK0048A)
Software Licenses are NOT TRANSFERRABLE. The Software License is included with the original price of the test system and costs $250,000 to purchase for each used system being evaluated for further support. Ownership of Software License commences with receipt of payment.
An $5,000.00 OpenPO used for Hardware Repair is required to cover any hardware repairs that are determined to be required during the evaluation.
If the support contract is current with the original owner, RI will run diagnostics and report results prior to the system evaluation.
The system evaluation can be performed at RI Santa Clara or at Customer Facility.
RI will prepare an information statement for customer reference regarding long term supportability of the tester. RI cannot guarantee anything other than the system can be restored to its last working state. The information statement prepared for the system will outline the availability of upgrades based on age of the system and the availability of parts. RI cannot generally state that an older system can be upgraded to current status or that future upgrades will be available for that generation of system.
If the purchaser decides not to purchase support for the system, RI will apply $200,000 of the license fee toward the purchase price of a new system.
Please Contact Sales for more information.
Related Documents:
RI Service and Support Plan (login required)